How to take a photo that passes
Almost every country follows the photo standard of ICAO, the UN agency for civil aviation, because machine-readable passports use your photo for automated face recognition at borders. The shared rules are simple: a recent colour photo, looking straight into the camera with a neutral expression and your mouth closed, both eyes open and visible, nothing covering the face, even lighting with no shadows, and a plain light background.
Light is the hardest part at home. Stand facing a window during the day, with the wall behind you a step or two away so your own shadow does not fall on it. Avoid overhead lamps, which cast shadows under the eyes and nose, and switch off the flash. The person taking the photo should stand about 1.5 metres away, hold the camera at your eye level and zoom in slightly instead of moving closer; at short distances, phone cameras make noses look bigger and ears smaller, which can cause problems for face matching.
Getting the head size right
The head height – from the bottom of the chin to the top of the head, including hair – is the measurement officials check most. It differs by country: a US photo needs 25–35 mm on a 51 mm square, a UK photo 29–34 mm on a 45 mm tall photo. The guides in the tool show the allowed range for your document: put the top of your head on the blue line and your chin anywhere inside the green band. Keep your face centred on the dotted line, and leave your shoulders in the picture.
Digital photo or print?
Online applications, such as UK passport renewals or the US visa form, need a digital file; download the digital photo in the size listed for your document. For paper applications, download the print sheet. It holds several copies at exact size on a 4 × 6 inch (10 × 15 cm) photo, the cheapest print size at any photo lab. The file contains the correct print resolution, so as long as nothing is scaled when ordering, every photo comes out at the exact size.
For the precise rules of a single document, open its page below, and always compare with the official requirements before you apply, because they do change.